Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

In the past two decades, social media has revolutionized the way we communicate and interact with one another. The idiom “a double-edged sword” aptly describes its impact, as it brings both positive and negative consequences. [I] While social media platforms enable people to connect across the globe and share ideas instantly, they also contribute to issues such as misinformation and reduced face-to-face interactions. [II]

One of the most significant benefits of social media is its ability to foster community and activism. [III] Movements such as #MeToo and Black Lives Matter gained momentum through social media, allowing individuals to voice their experiences and rally for change. These provide a space for marginalized voices, amplifying messages that may have otherwise gone unheard. However, this increased visibility can also lead to polarization and echo chambers, where individuals only engage with perspectives that align with their own.

Additionally, social media can affect mental health, particularly among young people. [IV] The constant comparison to curated lives online can lead to feelings of inadequacy and anxiety. Studies have shown that excessive use of social media correlates with higher rates of depression and loneliness, prompting calls for a more balanced approach to its use.

In conclusion, while social media has transformed communication and activism, it is essential for society to navigate its complexities mindfully. [V] By promoting digital literacy and fostering healthy online habits, we can maximize the benefits of social media while minimizing its drawbacks.

The word “these” in paragraph 2 refers to _______.